If parents lived apart for at least 6 months while the individual was a minor

If parents lived apart for at least 12 months while the individual was a minor

If parents were divorced

If one parent died

Survey questions asking “Did your parents ever live apart?” and “Did one of your parents ever leave the home and not return?”

Interview question asking “Did you live at home with both your mom and your dad?”

Absence of at least one of the individual’s biological parents

If parents lived apart for at least 6 months while the individual was a minor

If parents lived apart for at least 12 months while the individual was a minor

If parents were divorced

If one parent died

Survey questions asking “Did your parents ever live apart?” and “Did one of your parents ever leave the home and not return?”

Interview question asking “Did you live at home with both your mom and your dad?”

Absence of at least one of the individual’s biological parents